C. Jay Cox has seven arguments for annihilationism. In the following discussion, I respond to and rebut each of them, in advance of a debate he and I have planned. His points are listed as "CJ" and mine as "TF." This is not an attempt to replace the debate, but rather, hopefully, to improve the quality of the debate.
CJ1. The Doctrine of Eternal Conscious Torment Implies "Sadism" which is Contrary to God's Nature
CJ typically argues this point from verses that talk about God desiring all to come to salvation or not taking any pleasure in the death of the wicked.
TF1A:
One flaw with this argument is the assumption that inflicting pain on others is sadism. Other motives can include a motive to help the person (as in the case of surgeons and dentists) or even apathy (as in the case of narcissists). It's simply assuming the worse of God to assume that God's motive for Hell is sadism. God's self-motivation is, at least, his own glory.
TF1B:
Another flaw is that CJ has to admit that Scripture itself portrays God as tormenting the devil (and the beast and the false prophet) forever:
Revelation 20:10
And the devil that deceived them was cast into the lake of fire and brimstone, where the beast and the false prophet are, and shall be tormented day and night for ever and ever.
In the past, CJ has expressed some uncertainty about the interpretation of this verse. Nevertheless, even if CJ were to deny the most straightforward meaning of the text and claim that this was just a metaphor, still this is a description of God's actions that God applies to Himself.
Furthermore, recall that the damned are sent to receive the same punishment as the devil:
Matthew 25:41
Then shall he say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels:
That is a punishment of everlasting fire. The only obvious reason that the fire is described as "everlasting" is that it will continue doing what it does forever.
TF1C:
Furthermore, while God is not sadistic, CJ must have misunderstood the passages he quoted, because God describes himself not as apathetic about punishing the wicked, nor as saddened by his task, but this way:
Psalm 2:4
He that sitteth in the heavens shall laugh: the Lord shall have them in derision.
Psalm 37:13
The Lord shall laugh at him: for he seeth that his day is coming.
Psalm 59:8
But thou, O LORD, shalt laugh at them; thou shalt have all the heathen in derision.
Proverbs 1:26
I also will laugh at your calamity; I will mock when your fear cometh;
Likewise:
Rom 9:22
What if God, willing to shew his wrath, and to make his power known, endured with much longsuffering the vessels of wrath fitted to destruction:
Hebrews 10:30-31
For we know him that hath said, Vengeance belongeth unto me, I will recompense, saith the Lord. And again, The Lord shall judge his people. It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God.
CJ2: Eternal Punishment for Temporal Sins is Unfair but God is Fair
CJ typically appeals to the Lex Taliones or the like
TF2A: See TF1A above, as Scripture says God will punish the devil eternally.
TF2B: The Lex Taliones is a civil law for crimes by humans against humans. There are other punishments in the civil law of Moses including the death penalty for proselytizing false religions, engaging in witchcraft, or violating the sabbath. So, while the punishments are just, they are not always of the same kind as the crime, as in the Lex Taliones. Also, the punishments for crimes against God are much more severe than against humans. You aren't punished under the law of Moses for crimes against humans unless you cause an injury. You cannot injure God, but you are still punished for crimes against God.
TF2C: Sins against humans are serious, but sins against God are much more severe, because they are an offense to the dignity of the eternal God. No temporal punishment is sufficient to pay one's debt.
TF2D: Even if one could pay the debt of punishment by a period of time in hell, Scripture does not suggest that the lost ever become holy. Thus, we have every expectation that the wicked will continue to sin in Hell.
Ecclesiastes 11:3
If the clouds be full of rain, they empty themselves upon the earth: and if the tree fall toward the south, or toward the north, in the place where the tree falleth, there it shall be.
Jeremiah 13:23
Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots? then may ye also do good, that are accustomed to do evil.
Matthew 25:30
And cast ye the unprofitable servant into outer darkness: there shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth.
Revelation 16:8-11
And the fourth angel poured out his vial upon the sun; and power was given unto him to scorch men with fire. And men were scorched with great heat, and blasphemed the name of God, which hath power over these plagues: and they repented not to give him glory. And the fifth angel poured out his vial upon the seat of the beast; and his kingdom was full of darkness; and they gnawed their tongues for pain, and blasphemed the God of heaven because of their pains and their sores, and repented not of their deeds.
CJ3: Eternal Life is the Opposite of Death
TF3A: The Scriptures contrast "eternal life" with a variety of expressions including those that suggest some kind of death ("perish" in John 3:15; "lose it" (namely life) in John 12:25; and "death" in Romans 6:23) but Scripture also contrasts eternal life with "everlasting fire" Matthew 18:8, with "everlasting punishment" in Matthew 25:46, with "corruption" in Galatians 6:8, and with "shame and everlasting contempt" in Daniel 12:1, as well as abiding under God's wrath in John 3:36 and thirsting in John 4:14. Furthermore, Revelation makes it clear that the lake of fire is the second death (Revelation 21:8).
TF3B: Additionally, the Scriptures explain that Eternal Life is something we have now, not only in the future, and that it is union with Christ.
1 John 5:11
And this is the record, that God hath given to us eternal life, and this life is in his Son.
John 17:3
And this is life eternal, that they might know thee the only true God, and Jesus Christ, whom thou hast sent.
TF3C: Further to TF3B, this is why the second death is described in terms of separation from God:
2 Thessalonians 1:9
Who shall be punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord, and from the glory of his power;
And contrast:
Jude 24
Now unto him that is able to keep you from falling, and to present you faultless before the presence of his glory with exceeding joy,
TF3D: Further to TF3D this was pictured for us in the Old Testament in multiple cases where sin is not permitted in the presence of God:
Genesis 3:8
And they heard the voice of the LORD God walking in the garden in the cool of the day: and Adam and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the LORD God amongst the trees of the garden.
Genesis 4:16
And Cain went out from the presence of the LORD, and dwelt in the land of Nod, on the east of Eden.
Jonah 1:10
Then were the men exceedingly afraid, and said unto him, Why hast thou done this? For the men knew that he fled from the presence of the LORD, because he had told them.
Leviticus 22:3
Say unto them, Whosoever he be of all your seed among your generations, that goeth unto the holy things, which the children of Israel hallow unto the LORD, having his uncleanness upon him, that soul shall be cut off from my presence: I am the LORD.
Jeremiah 52:3
For through the anger of the LORD it came to pass in Jerusalem and Judah, till he had cast them out from his presence, that Zedekiah rebelled against the king of Babylon.
TF3E: Also, the death and life contrast applies to the present state:
John 5:24
Verily, verily, I say unto you, He that heareth my word, and believeth on him that sent me, hath everlasting life, and shall not come into condemnation; but is passed from death unto life.
CJ4: 4. Hell is Constantly Described as a Fire as Burning Up of Chaff, Trash, and Human Sacrifices (Gahenna is reference to this)
TF4A: There are multiple illustrations of hell and of God's wrath. Fire is one of the illustrations.
TF4B: Even when fire is mentioned, burning up is not the constant point. Compare Revelation 20:10, quoted above.
TF4C: There are other, fundamentally different, illustrations, such as everlasting chains or chains of darkness (Jude 6, 2 Peter 2:4) and darkness (Job 10:22; Proverbs 20:20) mist of darkness (2 Peter 2:17) blackness of darkness (Jude 13) or outer darkness (Matthew 8:12; Matthew 22:13; Matthew 25:13).
Ecclesiastes 11:8
But if a man live many years, and rejoice in them all; yet let him remember the days of darkness; for they shall be many. All that cometh is vanity.
CJ5: This Fire is the Second Death, a Literal Death (as opposed to Eternal Life)
TF5: The lake of fire is something capable of torturing the devil and his angels, which are spirits. Moreover, it's not just that the wicked are thrown in, they have a place there. The lake of fire is the second death. Yet the punishment is also darkness. That's because both darkness and fire are both symbols of suffering due to pain and fear, see Revelation 16:8-11 above.
CJ6: Wicked are constantly described as Perishing, Dying, Being Destroyed, Being given to Destruction
TF6: There are definitely those descriptions, but since there are other descriptions (see above), they must be harmonized. Notice, for example, that the beast and false prophet are cast alive into the lake of fire.
Revelation 19:20
And the beast was taken, and with him the false prophet that wrought miracles before him, with which he deceived them that had received the mark of the beast, and them that worshipped his image. These both were cast alive into a lake of fire burning with brimstone.
Likewise, Korah is described as going down to the abyss alive:
Numbers 16:33
They, and all that appertained to them, went down alive into the pit, and the earth closed upon them: and they perished from among the congregation.
Likewise, the grave is described as a prison:
Job 17:16
They shall go down to the bars of the pit, when our rest together is in the dust.
It's a prison that will not hold believers:
Matthew 16:18
And I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.
CJ7: Hades is a place of torment but is Destroyed
TF7A: The verse in mind is this:
Revelation 20:14
And death and hell were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death.
TF7B: In context, death and hell are symbols of the places of the lost, since the lost were "in them":
Revelation 20:13
And the sea gave up the dead which were in it; and death and hell delivered up the dead which were in them: and they were judged every man according to their works.
Indeed, these are places to which there are keys:
Revelation 1:18
I am he that liveth, and was dead; and, behold, I am alive for evermore, Amen; and have the keys of hell and of death.
It is true that they are also personified in chapter 6, but there is no reason to treat Revelation 20:14 as referring to those personifications rather than the places of Revelation 20:13.
Revelation 6:8
And I looked, and behold a pale horse: and his name that sat on him was Death, and Hell followed with him. And power was given unto them over the fourth part of the earth, to kill with sword, and with hunger, and with death, and with the beasts of the earth.
TF7C: Keep in mind that death and hell (as places) are essentially synonymous in Hebrew thought, see 2 Samuel 22:6, Psalm 18:5, Psalm 55:15, Psalm 116:3, Proverbs 5:5, Proverbs 7:27, and Habakkuk 2:5. Similarly, there is fascinating passage in which they are both places and seemingly personified in Isaiah 28:15 and 18.
-TurretinFan
