The following quotations are from the translation of Tertullian's On Prayer, as translated by Alistair Stewart-Sykes in "Tertullian, Cyprian, & Origen: On the Lord's Prayer" published by St Vladimir's Seminary Press, as volume 29 of their Popular Patristic Series. My comments follow each section. One overarching observation, however, is that although Tertullian goes in detail through the Lord's Prayer, and discusses other New Testament teachings on prayer, such as head coverings for women, Tertullian does not bring up the doxology of the Lord's Prayer, which is found in the majority of later manuscripts of Matthew's gospel.
Section 1, p. 41:
Whatever was of the old has either been transformed, as has circumcision, or else completed, as the remainder of the law, or fulfilled, as prophecy has been, or perfected as is faith itself.
Tertullian does not spell it out here, but this seems to be an early reference to baptism taking the place of circumcision.
Section 1, p. 42:
Therefore the words in which John taught them to pray are not extant, because earthly things should yield to heavenly.
Notice the point behind Tertullian's point. The reason for what is recorded in the New Testament is to found the New Testament church and its religious practices. That's why John's teachings on prayer aren't provided to us, because they were not meant for us.
Section 1, p. 42:
Therefore let us consider, blessed ones, his heavenly wisdom firstly regarding his instruction to pray in secret, by which he both demands that a person believe, in that he he should be confident in the ability of almighty God to hear and to see in houses, and indeed in a hidden chamber, and desires a proportionate faith, that he should trust him who is everywhere to hear and to see, and should offer his devotion to him alone.
Notice that what Tertullian is saying is that we should offer the devotion of prayer to God alone.
Section 2, pp. 42-43:
For that matter the Lord most frequently proclaimed to us that God is Father, indeed, he also demanded that we should call nobody "father" on earth, except him whom we have in heaven.
Considering how much Roman Catholics try to downplay this particular command, it is interesting to see Tertullian doubling down on it.
Section 2, p. 43:
However, when we say "Father" we are also naming God in a form of address which demonstrates both devotion and power. Moreover the Son is invoked in the Father, for he says: "I and the Father are one". Nor is the mother, the church, neglected since the mother is found within the Father and the Son, for the name of the Father and Son find their meaning in her. Therefore under one term and with one name we honor God along with those who are his, both recalling God's commandment and scorning those who have forgotten the Father.
Notice that it does not even occur to Tertullian to say that Mary is our mother, or anything like that. Instead, he focuses on the church being our mother.
Section 3, p. 44:
Besides this, as regarding our own request, when we say, "Let your name be hallowed," we ask that it be hallowed among us who are in him and, at the same time, in others whom the grace of God still awaits, so that we should be obedient to the command to pray for all, even for our enemies. Consequently, as a result of this terse expression, we do not say "Let it be hallowed in us," but manage to say: "in all people."
Notice Tertullian making the distinction between believers and unbelievers as being God's grace. It's hard to tell how consistent he is on this point, but it's certainly a valid distinction.
Section 7, p. 47:
The Lord knew that he alone was without wrong, so he taught us to pray: "Pardon us our debts."
Once again, notice that it does not occur to Tertullian that there might be people, such as the mother of our Lord, who are sinless. The Pelagian errors were apparently not yet propagated.
Section 8, p. 48:
For he did not order even Abraham to make a sacrifice of his son for the sake of putting his faith to the test, but of demonstrating it, so that he might provide an example of the instruction which he would in time law down, that one should not hold even one's children more precious than God.
The first part of this claim is thought-provoking. Certainly, God already knew what Abraham would do, so it's true that the main purpose was the demonstration of Abraham's faith.
Section 9, p. 49:
God alone could teach us the manner in which he would have us pray. Therefore, the practice of prayer is laid down by him, and when it was brought forth from the divine mouth it was animated by his spirit.
This is also a key observation. We cannot make up our own worship practices. God alone can teach us how to worship him. Thus, the justification for any worship practice must come from God.
Section 14, p. 51:
Hereditary criminals, aware of their ancestral guilt, they dare not lift them up to the Lord lest some Isaiah should cry out, lest Christ should shrink from them. But we do not simply lift them up but spread them out in imitation of the passion of the Lord, so confessing Christ as we pray.
Tertullian evidently believes that guilt can be inherited.
Section 15, pp. 51-52:
But since we have touched upon one matter of empty expression it will not be irksome to observe other practices likewise, which are reasonably to be discredited as vanity, since not one of them is authorized by any injunction, whether dominical or apostolic. Things of this nature are to be considered not religion but superstition, they are affected and forced, are not reasonable service but fussiness, and should surely be suppressed, if only because they put us on a level with the gentiles. For it is the practice of some of them to make their prayer with their coats removed. It is thus that they attend their idols. But if this were the right thing to do, surely the apostles would have included it when they taught on the manner of prayer, unless some might think that Paul left is cloak behind with Carpus when he was praying! Perhaps God might not hear those with their coats on, God who listened to the saints in the furnace of the Babylonian king when they prayed in their pantaloons and their hats!
Notice the need for rules about worship to come from the Lord or the apostles. Notice also that the absence of such a rule proves its lack of importance.
Section 16, p. 52:
And again, there are those whose custom is to sit down then the prayer is sealed. I perceive no reason, except one which children might offer. What is it? If Hermas, whose writing is called The Shepherd, or something like that, had not sat upon his bed when his prayer was finished but had done something else, would we claim that this too should be made an observance. Surely not. He says this simply as part of the story, and not as an instance of discipline. Otherwise we would only be able to pray in a place where there was a bed, and it would make it contrary to Scripture if anyone sat on a chair or a bench.
It seems to me that Tertullian does not accept the authority of the Shepherd of Hermas, but at the same time he seems to suggest that it is being treated like Scripture.
Section 16, p. 53:
Since it is disrespectful to sit down in the presence of, and in spite of the presence of, one who is greatly to be revered and esteemed, how much more is it irreligious to act in such a way when in the sight of the living God, whilst the angel of prayer is still standing by? Or are we protesting to God because prayer has tired us out?
Reverence is certainly an important aspect of worship. I would note to oppose Tertullian here, that it seems that the apostles allowed seated worship (see James 2:3 for example).
Section 21, p. 56:
Those who allow immunity of the head to virgins seems to make their case on the basis that the apostle does not mention "virgins" but "women" as being veiled, thus not mentioning gender by saying "females" but rather the class of the gender, by saying "women".
This distinction may also be one of the reasons that Mary was so surprised to be told that she was blessed among "women", since she had not taken that step toward being a woman as distinct from a maiden.
Section 23, p. 60:
However, the custom received is that on the Lord's day of resurrection alone we should avoid not only this [TF: in context, this refers to kneeling], but every attitude of concern, postponing business matters as well so that we might yield no place to the Devil. The same is true in the period of the Pentecost, which we likewise mark through the dignity of rejoicing.
It's interesting to notice the day or rest treatment that the Lord's day is being given, though it's not perfectly clear to me if he means every Sunday or only once annually.
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